sealing tarmac edges. Dispensing sealant evenly and slowly. sealing tarmac edges

 
 Dispensing sealant evenly and slowlysealing tarmac edges The Latex-ite Airport Grade Driveway Filler Sealer is an asphalt emulsion-based low-VOC formula designed to beautify and protect your blacktop driveway

It can usually be edged with concrete pavers or green turfs for a rustic vibe. Make sure to overfill the hole by 2 to 3 inches, then compact it with a hand tamper; finally, lay plywood over the top and drive the car over it a few. The joint-maker creates a strip of higher density material immediately behind the screed at the edge of the mat. Here are seven reasons to seal coat your driveway or parking lot this fall. From €47. This guide is a field tool to assist workers in selecting and construction the right asphalt surface treatment (AST) for their specific situation. edges of joint) that should not receive contact with Sikaflex-410 Asphalt Sealant. It is usually edged with concrete pavers or just with lush green turfs for a more rustic vibe. 46 m) apart, with a piece of tape on each end of each span of seal. Most cold patch asphalt manufacturers recommend a minimum 30 days of. 25L steels specially modified to fit within the combi bond coat machines. Asphalt Driveway Source: Topwestasphalt. Our sealcoat edge machine allows you to easily cut-in your asphalt sealer around curbs and buildings. Benefits. Allow to dry and cure: a. Road crews use two main methods for repairing asphalt cracks: clean-and-seal and rout-and-seal. Force the sealant deeply into the joint. Tarmac Overbanding Tape, burn-on to seal re-instatement works and repair cracks, torch-on application prevents the ingress of water and extends the life of the repair without the time needed to melt pots of bitumen. Get Pli-s. Something impacted or hit the roof and caused the shingle to disengage. If you want to apply material at a specific application rate you can very easily change your spray tip size. Take special care to apply the material evenly and consistently. Start the cold asphalt patch at 2 inches, then compact it down halfway to 1-inch. For every 1/16" of thickness, there is one layer of super-strong fiberglass cloth that stands up to high stress and flex. Keep off the driveway until the binder completely sets. Sealing the surface of the driveway with asphalt. BEST VALUE: Gorilla Waterproof Patch & Seal Tape. HQC Tarmac Reviver/Restorer. This is to ensure that the edges look neat. Step Six: Patch Over. Gently apply pressure to the bag of cold-lay tarmac to soften it. Beginning in one corner, pour some of the asphalt driveway sealer on the surface. From €52. SCJ is a cold joint sealer that is applied onto vertical edges and surface base before the application of asphalt. YES, of course, there is a paint for the tarmac. Watch as Ace's Home Expert, Lou Manfredini, shows you how to seal a driveway. If you have any vents around the roof, you will want to seal these with roofing cement. Integrate pre-formed vent pipe flashing, shingle-fashion, with roofing underlayment and shingles. Install a pre-manufactured pipe flashing cap around the pipe and integrate installation so that the upper edge of the flashing is covered by rows of asphalt shingles above the piping. Mask off and protect any adjacent surfaces (e. Cracks up to 3/4 inch wide can be repaired with a pourable or tubed asphalt patch product. BEST FOR RV ROOFS. Concrete driveways typically require epoxy, acrylic, or silicate sealants. Sand Seals A sand seal is a spray application of asphalt emulsion followed with a light covering of fine aggregate, such as a clean sand or screenings. Steps to repair and seal an asphalt driveway: Edge the driveway and remove any grass or dirt. To seal a plumbing vent, spread roofing cement around the pipe. Here’s what you need to know about what that gap even is, why you. Model # TSB433. Here we’ll talk about why you need to tack before paving. Use crack filler to seal any potholes or large cracks. Clean the surface and any cracks with pressure washer. Beginning in one corner, pour some of the asphalt driveway sealer on the surface. It would be cheaper, but I think the edges would cause more sticking together problems. 44 per square foot, with a typical range of $0. Fairy Liquid, as mentioned above, with a stiff brush with a little warm water might remove all the surface oil, allowing Drive Seal to adhere properly to what's left. This will help to fill in any voids and provide a smooth surface. ULTIPATCH Overbanding is a thermoplastic tape joint and edge sealer for repairs and reinstatements on asphalt surfaces. Another common cause of asphalt cracking stems from the earth shifting beneath your asphalt. CHECK OUT OUR LATEST VIDEOS 🎥Cleaning Large. Clean the surface and any cracks with pressure washer. Asphalt emulsion bond coats stop delamination and movement of conventional or thin asphalt overlays when they are placed over bituminous, Portland cement. Continue this process until you reach the road. Based on this analysis, the authors concluded that crack sealing should be completely avoided on asphalt pavements having pavement condition rating greater than 89 (pavements in relatively good condition) because in this case crack sealing adds negligible benefits to the asphalt pavement since all the remaining performance of the original. This landscape edging comes in Black finish or Silver. Using your asphalt squeegee, spread the material out over the alligator cracks leaving about a 1/8" to 1/4" layer of material. What to Know About Replacing a Driveway for pricing and availability. Designed to create a watertight. Use crack filler to seal any potholes or large cracks. 26, 1991. Step 4: Seal cracks or potholes. Various Heights available 1-1/2", 2", 2-1/2" and 3". . Subbase other than above. 55 lb. FastPatch Asphalt Alligator Crack Repair (FastPatch ACR) is a cold applied, easy to mix. Ø Longitudinal cracks on low volume roads. Gravity will make the job of applying the sealant easier. Thoroughly compact the subgrade and base material adjacent to the. Emulsion is usually sprayed between 0. As it won’t be visible on the finished roof, you don’t need to worry about the look of your starter strip and whether it matches your architectural shingles. Module 4-2 Inspection and ConstructionApplying a tarmac sealer is one of the most effective and cheapest ways of protecting a tarmacadam driveway from premature wear and tear. In case you’re looking for flexible, tough acrylic paint for the asphalt, concrete, or tarmac then you can try the Rustoleum Tarmacoat 6100. Apron Flashing – Metal flashing used at chimney fronts. They include longitudinal cracks outside of the wheel path and. A tarmac/asphalt sealer (also sometimes referred to as tarmac paint) is a water-based emulsion with a base (usually asphalt) that is combined with fillers and additives to provide flexibility and strength. Carry out regular cleaning of the asphalt pavement. This can result in a sloppy look, random pieces of broken asphalt in the lawn and a problem that is a challenge—but not impossible— to fix. Dimple mat, or dimple board, is a product that seems to fall somewhere in between simple asphaltic dampproofing and a full-on waterproofing membrane. Related: Sealing Asphalt Driveway Pros And Cons. Your asphalt driveway is one of the most important features of your home. Clean the surface to remove oil and dirt. g. The 14-gauge aluminum sides on this edger act as a wind guard, allowing you to edge with your spray gun at a 45° angle without over-spraying. Thompson’s TDSB5L Drive Seal. 15m² which is the equivalent of an area measuring roughly 400mm × 400mm. Introduction: A more general overview of the use of tarmacadam/bitmac is given on the Tarmacadam Basics page and an examination of the main layers within a pavement can be found on the Bitmac Construction page. I recommend a self-leveling flexible urethane filler, often sold as "concrete crack filler". This product has a 7 year warranty. Use a cold joint spray to seal the vertical edges and base of the hole. I like the rubberized gel formula, it. Leah from See Jane Drill demonstrates how to quickly and easily repair large cracks in an asphalt driveway, using a rubberized asphalt crack filler. Shingles must also be fastened according to the fastening instructions described below. Medium Black Permanent Blacktop Crack Filler with 363 reviews. Tarmac Revitalisation Being careful applying the Sealant to the edges for the Clean Finish Tarmac and Patio Cleaning Washing Revitalisation Oil stains. au. After mixing, just pour a thin layer of the seal coat on the driveway patch. . 375 inches) in width may be too narrow for crack-sealing material to enter. If you have an older asphalt driveway and have not sealed it in the past 3 years, it’s probably time to seal it. Keep at it until you have overfilled the pothole, leaving a slight mound over the area. Fill the crack to the level of the driveway and let it cure overnight. Use a cold set asphalt repair patch. Dries in 4 Hours. Sometimes referred to as a tarmac restorer or tarmac paint, it is an emulsion that combines liquid binder and. If you are looking for high-quality asphalt and bitumen road sealing services, call Road Seal Australia on 1800 902 202 or email your enquiries to info@roadsealaustralia. 68 to $1. It’s a shell that helps to protect it from the elements. D5973-97(2017) Standard Specification for Elastomeric Strip Seals with Steel Locking Edge Rails Used in Expansion Joint Sealing . VAT. You need to get your driveway sealed if you see the oxidation (fading) from sunlight, rainwater absorbing into the asphalt, or your asphalt cracking. I Technical Report Documentation Page I. It is required to pave the width of a road in multiple lanes because paving. Allow the patch to cure at least 24 hours before sealing. Asphalt – A bituminous waterproofing agent used in various types of roofing materials. Magma Bituseal is a prem. The asphalt emulsion is certified as passing specifications or is sampled and submitted for testing. 5. This tutorial video is packed with helpful driveway sealing tips to sav. Sealant for driveways fortifies existing asphalt and concrete surfaces while sealing and repairing cracks. P103 Read carefully and follow all instructions. Complete this process gently and slowly so that you don't tear any of the shingles that you’re not planning on replacing. A tarmac/asphalt sealer (also sometimes referred to as tarmac paint) is a water-based emulsion with a base (usually asphalt) that is combined with fillers and additives to provide flexibility and strength. To understand the importance of this process, you have to know what a tarmac sealer is. They didn’t finish until about 10:00 PM. Open the container of asphalt sealer and stir well. If the patch sinks below the surrounding surface, add more blacktop patch and repeat. EWT Premium Asphalt Tarmac Parking lot Joint and Crack Sealer Repair Hot-Filler II Tape 2IN x 50 FT Long (3mm Thick) ADFORS Peel & Seal Driveway Patch for Long Lasting Pothole Repair 6 Rolls Asphalt Crack Tape Asphalt Crack Filler Asphalt Joint Repair Tape Driveway Crack Sealer for Parking Roof Asphalt Cement Road, 50 Feet. Pour the sealant from one side of the driveway to the other in a swath about 6 inches wide, starting at your house or garage. Get free shipping on qualified Asphalt Crack Filler products or Buy Online Pick Up in Store today in the Building Materials. Model # TSF925. Tips to Protect Asphalt from Edge Cracking. Basically, it’s an asphalt-like caulk that squeezes or pours in. Sealcoating is the most cost-effective way to resurface pavement and it extends a driveway’s life. You CAN’T repair cracks after the temperature drops below freezing. We offer a variety of services—from paving driveways to line striping on highways—for residential, commercial and. Dutch Pattern using Charcoal and Brown Multi concrete pavers. Live edges. Then, slightly crown the top of the asphalt patch and pound it firmly so that the edges merge with the driveway. The patch should be cut at least. More frequently asked questions. tarmac sealing edges Stock Photo - Alamy Shop Alamy Prints Store - Crafted by Experts, Delivered to Your Door. BEST OVERALL: LR Liquid Rubber Waterproof Sealant – Multi-Surface. Sweep away water and debris from the damaged area. 95 – £ 114. Suitable for tarmac, roofing, gutter repairs, and also as a tack. Despite the headline good product used to seal edges and base of a pothole on the driveway before cold fill repair, then an edge seal to complete the repair after compacting. " Start pouring the sealant onto the highest point of the driveway. The term ‘technically sound’ is applied to a surface where there is no indication of major cracking, potholes, an edge breaking away or large quantities of stones becoming. Polar Black Tarmac Reviver. The TarmaSeal Tarmac Restorer is the Best Pick of the products in this review. We had a problem with our shed workshop flat felt roof leaking and needed a quick repair. The aggregate is from an approved supplier. The last step. Easy to install, sections can be cut without difficulty using a hacksaw. Apply your sealant in thin, overlapping coats with a long-handled application brush or squeegee. Then, secure the edges of the rolled roof replacement with roofing nails. for pricing and availability. Report No. This sequence of photographs depicts the construction of a number of projects, including a public footpath and a large access. Self-sealing cement: A thermal-sealing tab cement built into the shingle to firmly cement the shingles together automatically after they have been applied properly and exposed to warm sun temperatures. Bitumen Sealer is an applied cold joint sealer for easy sealing around vertical joints. Ultra Shield Driveway Filler Sealer is an asphalt emulsion based driveway sealer/filler for blacktop. Please call us on 01268 722500 for further information or. A: Mike Guertin (on Instagram @mike_guertin ), a builder and remodeler in East Greenwich, R. Toledo, Ohio - Maumee, OH - Buck Bros Asphalt Paving and Concrete, an asphalt paving contractors company based in Toledo, OH, has recently completed a. • ASPHALT PLASTIC CEMENT: Use asphalt plastic cement conforming to ASTM D4586 Type I or II. Essential Black Tarmac Sealer. Here are some things you can do to protect rural roads and driveways from asphalt edge cracking. Cut the new shingle to the precise length needed with your tinsnips. com. Asphalt has been the material of choice for trails of many kinds throughout America. The aggregate is from an approved supplier. I'ctfotming Organization Namc and Address Professional Fngineering Services, L,td. Model # 6449-9-27. com. Step-by-Step Video Guide Our driveway and car park restorer for tarmac and asphalt is available in Black, Red and Green, with other colours available upon request. for pricing and availability. Often the nails alone won’t hold the shingles fast to the roof. Repair damages immediately. From €47. (6) Add Your Review. Submit your request into the form below or give us a call at 1-866-966-9939. Dicor Self-Leveling Lap Sealant. Start by applying sealant along the perimeter of the driveway. Due to its strong resistance to low-temperature cracking, an edge seal coating is an excellent material for waterproofing asphalt joints. Application of a tarmac sealer is the best and easiest way to protect tarmac or asphalt from loss of colour, fretting stones and cracking. Easy to apply unless like me you pull the cap off, be careful that the outlet and the cap are realigned or a handful of black stickiness awaits. 75 Gal. In Stock. Seal the cracks with asphalt filler or sealer. One way to do this is to seal and reseal your driveway or patio on a regular basis. TITE-SEAL. . 11 Repair HMA Overlay, PCC at PCC Joints 12 Ice Retardant HMA Mixtures 12 Cold Milling 12 Overlay Removal 13 PORTLAND CEMENT AND ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT Unclassified Excavation/Disposal 14 Filling Joints/Cracks 14 Tack 15Coat. com. Sealing this gap is important not only to enhance the curb appeal of your home, but also to increase the lifespan of your concrete and your asphalt, as well as to prevent damages. Seal the roof deck with a fully adhered roof membrane or seal all sheathing joints with compatible tape or membrane strips. Always clean up any areas you wish to repair. Edge Cracks travel along the inside edge of a pavement surface within one or two feet. Everbuild Tarmac Restorer. The tampico bristles holds a large amount of liquid making it great for coatings and sealing. Find My Store. Coating & Finishes Drying Time. A better practice laps the housewrap over. It is the resins within freshly laid tarmac that. Henry E-Z Stir Asphalt Filler & Sealer. Cut two strips of 4-in. With proper design and taking into account the condition of the existing pavement, seals can be useful for any roadway, including those with higher traffic volumes. This product comes with four caulking tubes of sealant. Press the shingle down and apply a second bead of sealant on top of the crack. Mn/DOT 3723 should be used in longitudinal applications, and can be used in rout and seal. (Source: Building Science Corporation. Step 1: Melt the ice dam with calcium chloride. Asphalt needs that 45-degree grading to ensure that the pressure doesn’t crack the blacktop. (2001). Asphalt is a durable material for driveways, but it needs to be maintained from time to time to increase the lifespan of the driveway. The rubberized makeup of crack sealant creates a flexible layer atop the crack that allows your pavement to move a bit while still offering some protection. Bitumen tape is used to seal new tarmac edges into old existing tarmac. Sealing stops moisture, salt, environmental assaults and chemicals from seeping into the driveway surface and undermining the pavement beneath the coating. Compression Seal b. Bitumen sealer that is applied onto the surface base and vertical edges before the application of asphalt or pothole repair. Shop asphalt brushes and a variety of building supplies products online at Lowes. • Hot-mix Asphalt (HMA) - preferred • Cold-mix Asphalt – emergency fix only 5. Simple to apply by roller or brush, our tarmac sealer restores colour and re-introduces lost protective resins. What the expert say “This is an excellent product that increases the durability of tarmac repairs, it seals against moisture and frost. com. Apply the sealant in thin coats over 4 by 4 foot (1. Shingle Problem #6: Missing Shingles. Seal Coat Squeegee with Rounded Edge Blade From $64. Apply the sealer and fill the entire crack, then squeegee, and. Watch as Ace's Home Expert, Lou Manfredini, shows you how to clean your driveway. Shipping Dimensions. Coverage: 40-60m 2 from 20L; 2-3m 2 per L; all depending on surface conditions. The cleaning and preparation tools for sealing can be found in our collection of asphalt sealing tools and there is not much you will not find here for your pavement project. This self-sealing Tarr Tape doesn't require torching and is used to permanently repair or join asphalt, concrete, roofs and sports surfaces. Seal Coating Extends Pavement Life. A liquid asphalt material may be poured along the edges, brushed lightly, and blotted with clean sand. Plain Edge Asphalt Lute Blade. for pricing and availability. Self-adhesive waterproof flashing 4-in x 33-ft Butyl Rubber Roll Flashing. £ 36. 75 inches wide and that have. You can caulk the edges here and just leave a. This dense edge gives a beautiful contrast to your plain concrete driveway and monotonous lawn. . layers, packing each firmly as you go with the end of a 4X4 or the head of the sledgehammer. -wide asphalt flashing tape and apply it over the sides of the flashing pan and onto the shingle and underlayment. Ensure your sealer is mixed well before going to the next step. One of which is for aesthetic reasons, yes, but sealing the gap between concrete and asphalt is also important in order to help both your concrete and your. His 900-square-foot house in Climate Zone 4C is sheathed with 1x8 boards,. Edging and Jointing Spray is an adhesive sealer for use with CEMPAK repair Macadams. Used directly from the can, ULTIPATCH Edgemaster completely covers the whole area and its CFC-free propellant ensures the tightest corners are reached. This dense edge gives a beautiful contrast to your plain concrete driveway and monotonous lawn. 5. 5 oC (27. Here are some of the primary benefits: Meets current Caltrans specifications; Low in. For bigger sealing jobs, there are many flat roof sealing products homeowners can apply themselves: Roofer’s tape. The hotter it is the stickier the tape and more. Find My Store. For a typical residential driveway with a 75mm thick surfacing of tarmac,. 39 . After the first coat has cured, seal the driveway again by using the squeegee to spread asphalt sealer in a series of passes perpendicular to the house. Read on for a step-by-step guide to installing. Without removing it the sealer can not properly. Nailing: The actual attachment of the asphalt shingles is where a roofer has the most control over the installation process. Doing so simply requires a wooden board or piece of cardboard held strategically where the asphalt meets the surface you don’t want to spray, shielding it from the stream. Best for Cracked Asphalt. Morgan Pavement does sealing, repaving, resurfacing, crack repair, asphalt patching, asphalt paving, concrete paving, grading and excavating services, onyx mastic sealing, slurry sealing, and striping. Use gravity – start at the highest point and work your way downhill. Cracks will be repaired with asphalt filler/sealer. 26 in × 26 in × 18 in. Free Shipping On Orders $45+. Use a cold set asphalt repair patch. Allow the patch to cure at least 24 hours before sealing. - to 6-in. Allow the surface to dry. 2 m × 1. 5 Things You Can And Can’t Do While Repairing Asphalt in Cold Weather. The most common cause for this type of crack is poor drainage conditions and lack of support at the pavement edge. Your choice of spray angle is dependent on two factors: the tip spacing on your spray bar and viscosity of the materia. Apply a hot-pour sealant. This will help to reinforce the asphalt and prevent further cracking. Tack coats are a vital component of an asphalt pavement’s structural system as they bond the multiple asphalt lifts into one monolithic layer. Dispensing sealant evenly and slowly. com For sealcoating edges, contractors can use brushes, squeegees, spray wand and blocker boards. Thompsons. The minimum thickness of patching material at any edge should be 1 inch. (Avoid wheel path cracking, unless treatment is followed up with a chip seal that year) Crack Sealing (Rout and Seal) is not recommended if: • Crack opening is less than 3 mm. Application is very similar, but instead of pouring and spreading, you can pour the sealer into a paint pan and use the roller to apply it to the driveway. Helpful hints before you seal your driveway: 1) Figure out how many pails you need by. Black. BEST OVERALL: LR Liquid Rubber Waterproof Sealant – Multi-Surface. How to clean, repair and protect your tarmac, asphalt or blacktop driveway, car park or pathways. Carry out regular cleaning of the asphalt pavement. Conclusion. Underdrain 15 Prefabricated Composite Edge Drains 16. “Commonly, asphalt strip shingles and laminated shingles contain adhesive, self-sealing strips. With the filler material in place, it’s time to start sealing. sandblasting, abrasive grinding, etc. Continue layering the patch in this manner until you reach driveway level. Tarmac: Pack quantity: 1: Product code: 5030349010595: Back to top. Use a flat pry bar to break the seal on the damaged shingles. Be careful not to spread it too thin. asphalt in certain underlayments resulting in the asphalt flowing, dripping and staining. Shingles along rake edges are vulnerable to being blown off in high winds. Pour additional material as needed until finished. Resurfacing: Asphalt that's only. Trowels to a feather-edge finish. 6 m²/litre. Square up the sides of the hole until the edges of the hole are sound pavement. Crack routing, or cutting, is done during crack sealing to clean the crack, create fresh edges to allow sealant to adhere better, and create a designed reservoir to allow sealant to accommodate. Filling asphalt cracks this small is easy. With the filler material in place, it’s time to start sealing. Keep at it until you have overfilled the pothole, leaving a slight mound over the area. Coating Finishes Coverage. 5kg and 25kg cartons, 20L steel or plastic containers. Sealcoat Squeegees. Seal treatments are a critical tool for asphalt pavement preservation. This shorter but wider Blacktop Tamp provides greater Blacktop Edge Tamping control and a straight edge. 12. If a depression remains the next day, apply a second coat. Shepherd Hill broke the seal following a 14-play drive lasting 8 minutes, 17 seconds, capped by quarterback Aidan Tyler's 1-yard. GAF may choose to hand-seal a roof or slope of a roof… if there has been insufficient heat or sun exposure to seal shingles and blow-off damage has occurred. Best Eco-Friendly Driveway Sealer: Eco Advance Concrete and Masonry Siloxane. Experts recommend that you wait at least three months – weather permitting. Asphalt skin. This BYOT DIY project is all about how seal an asphalt driveway from start to finish. The structural integrity of your asphalt driveway can be weakened, leading to much more significant issues over time. Acrylic based product; designed to rejuvenate and transform tired tarmac. After the filler has cooled, scoop up the trowel asphalt driveway patch and tap it onto the crack filler to create a small mound. Photo 1: Clean out cracks. In this article Driveway Sealing Cost Calculator. Bear in mind, however, that the Drive Seal will probably look 'blacker' than the existing tarmac and, once applied, may need to be re-applied every few years, or so, to keep it. Crack sealing and filling can be cost-effective treatments when applied while the pavement is still in a state of good repair. . . Product links:Crack Filler: Knife: Brush: Gloves: Technical Report Documentation Page I. StoneCare4U Essential Black Tarmac Sealer is the perfect product for reviving tarmac that has lost colour, becomes prone to cracking and is suffering from the loss of surface stones. And once the asphalt is pressed into place the height of the asphalt is the same as the edging. Select options. This product comes with four caulking tubes of sealant. The tarmac sticks to anything without priming. Prime the area, then add cold patching material two inches deep. You can hand-seal the rake shingles down to the drip edge or use a double-sided roofing tape. . Lightweight oils in the asphalt need to evaporate into the air. Photo: istockphoto. That’s significantly less than the cost of repairing or installing a new driveway, which HomeAdvisor estimates at about $2. Always compact the area fully with a tamp or wacker plate. It describes how to construct three basic types of serviceable ASTs: seal coat AST, double-layer AST, and high float AST, using a specific selection of asphalt types and aggregate gradations that areUse a 3/8-inch nap paint roller to apply the sealer. IBHS recommends that vent models be certified as resistant to wind and. EST. 25L steels specially modified to fit within the combi bond coat machines. Product costs, availability and item numbers may vary online or by market. Asphalt surfaces should be sealed every 2 to 3 years. If you're stuck with an asphalt parking lot, the best approach is to pave a concrete apron around the building, with a slope that will ensure adequate drainage away from the building. Then, blow away the clippings. Any leftover dirt, gravel,. As valued Ultracrete stockists, we’re here to help you make the best choice for your domestic or commercial project. Contact Road Seal Australia, the experts in road construction and surfacing solutions. , & Geshkin, D. The starter edge will help seal the edges and cover your shingle joints.